tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-67388437695343141752024-03-29T14:28:18.365+11:00Martin's Model Of ParalanguageA Critical Examination Of Martin & Zappavigna (2019) 'Embodied Meaning: A Systemic Functional Perspective On Paralanguage'Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger64125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738843769534314175.post-77367936202183001642024-03-29T08:54:00.000+11:002024-03-29T08:54:59.423+11:00Most Pageviews by Country<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKDk4yowWLa1_pVeuTtC988JnZkrNHi-YcHsQEV2SNb1pckoz5PwWNPgUrSmM18QA7Fo-umUdw1hrlupVJqYX3b_qL-VyNTNc9lS3HxK0XSXML6AzfBv7oiQE1UoXPZwoIPU2LVMbhOiw8SDM409uPMsuI9-mcPPXwp7HGNTfT6kYHD9CPZpF0xjHRE0Q/s1454/Screenshot%202024-03-29%20at%208.54.04%20am.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1454" data-original-width="1344" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKDk4yowWLa1_pVeuTtC988JnZkrNHi-YcHsQEV2SNb1pckoz5PwWNPgUrSmM18QA7Fo-umUdw1hrlupVJqYX3b_qL-VyNTNc9lS3HxK0XSXML6AzfBv7oiQE1UoXPZwoIPU2LVMbhOiw8SDM409uPMsuI9-mcPPXwp7HGNTfT6kYHD9CPZpF0xjHRE0Q/w592-h640/Screenshot%202024-03-29%20at%208.54.04%20am.png" width="592" /></a></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738843769534314175.post-2930395068774899122019-03-20T00:00:00.003+11:002021-02-10T08:42:40.669+11:00Martin's Model Of Paralanguage<style type="text/css">
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</style><div class="p1"><div style="text-align: justify;">Martin & Zappavigna (2019: 28):</div>
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<span style="color: red;">Our model of paralanguage</span> might also prove of interest as a contribution to the growing field of interactional linguists (Ochs et al. 1996; Fox et al. 2013; Couper-Kuhlen and Selting 2001, 2018). These linguists see language structure as an emergent phenomenon which can only be understood in relation to the use of language in dialogue, and they draw heavily on Conversation Analysis (CA) in their research. This brings paralanguage and other modalities of communication into the picture as far as our understanding of language is concerned (cf. Heath and Luff 2013). SFL<span class="s2">’</span>s perspectives on multimodality creates an opportunity for linguistics to make a stronger contribution to this transdisciplinary exercise (Martin forthcoming).</blockquote>
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<b><u>Blogger Comments</u></b>:<br />
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The authors end their paper by leaving the reader with the confirmation that <b>Cléirigh's</b> model of body language is henceforth <b>their</b> model of paralanguage.</div>
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</style>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738843769534314175.post-55181643411276514052019-03-19T00:00:00.001+11:002020-12-10T09:46:00.187+11:00The Model Of Intermodal Convergence<div style="text-align: justify;">
Martin & Zappavigna (2019: 27-8):</div>
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As we stressed at the beginning of the paper building <span style="color: red;">models of intermodality</span> is facilitated if the descriptions of <span style="color: red;">distinct modalities</span> are informed by the same theoretical principles; and this is important for applications. Work in educational linguistics, for example Hood (2011) and Hao and Hood (in press), regularly has to deal with <span style="color: #cc0000;">the interaction of language, paralanguage</span> and imaging on Power Point slides. And for forensic linguistics, for example Martin and Zappavigna (2013) and Martin and Zappavigna, 2018, Zappavigna and Martin (2018), <span style="color: #cc0000;">language and paralanguage interact</span> with the semiotics of the location of the legal proceedings (which are very different for courtrooms and Youth Justice Conferences). <span style="color: magenta;">The model of intermodal convergence (ideational concurrence, interpersonal resonance and textual synchronicity) presented in Table 2</span> above is far easier to operationalise when each of the modalities involved is interpreted from the perspective of SFL.</blockquote>
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<b><u>Blogger Comments</u></b>:</div>
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<span style="color: red;">[1]</span> To be clear, the authors have concluded that paralanguage is an expression system of language. That is, in their own terms, they have not provided a model of intermodality any more than proposing a phonological or graphological system of language would be a model of intermodality.</div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000;">[2]</span> To be clear, since the authors have concluded that paralanguage is an expression system of language, language and paralanguage do <b><i>not</i></b> <b>interact</b>, any more than language and phonology <b>interact</b>.</div>
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<span style="color: magenta;">[3]</span> To be clear, the model of intermodal convergence is <b>one</b> idea, redundantly given different names for each metafunction. Moreover, the one idea is merely the superficial observation that different semiotic modes can make the same meaning.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3d0ewZGulgX9WoFnSZ8gpVXoTNAjM69zx31PTNOnj5ZGVmdTwL-d5LtV5i8KY9IHSvChQb23rH3-5YNez0b6JNcJKXQ7YDP0REgTJXffWNgY_AKEdIhR_qSJOY3JWVMUrZcCVBkZeVM8/s1600/Table+2.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3d0ewZGulgX9WoFnSZ8gpVXoTNAjM69zx31PTNOnj5ZGVmdTwL-d5LtV5i8KY9IHSvChQb23rH3-5YNez0b6JNcJKXQ7YDP0REgTJXffWNgY_AKEdIhR_qSJOY3JWVMUrZcCVBkZeVM8/s1600/Table+2.png" /></a></blockquote>
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More importantly, since the authors have concluded that paralanguage is an expression system of language, this model of intermodal convergence no longer applies, which, in turn, undermines the entire argument of the paper, given that the paper is predicated on the intermodal convergence of language and paralanguage (sonovergent vs semovergent).</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738843769534314175.post-46802180715992705922019-03-18T00:00:00.001+11:002020-12-10T09:46:16.862+11:00Our Evolving Work Using Cléirigh's Model<div style="text-align: justify;">
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Martin <span style="text-align: justify;">& Zappavigna</span> (2019: 27):</div>
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<span style="color: red;">Our evolving work on these dependencies can be tracked through </span><span style="color: red;">Martin et al. (2010)</span>, <span style="color: #cc0000;">Hood (2011), Martin (2011), Martin, Zappavigna, Dwyer, and Cléirigh (2013) Martin and Zappavigna, 2018, Zappavigna and Martin (2018), and Hao and Hood (in press).</span> From the perspective of SFL the most pertinent work on relations between modalities to compare with these studies is Painter et al. 2013 (on language and image in children’s picture books). <span style="color: magenta;">Beyond these initiatives, multimodal discourse analysis research is best guided by Bateman et al. (2017).</span></blockquote>
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<b><u>Blogger Comments</u></b>:</div>
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<span style="color: red;">[1]</span> This is misleading, since it misrepresents the authorship of this first publication featuring Cléirigh's model of body language. The actual citation is:<br />
<ul>
<li>Zappavigna, M., C. Cléirigh, P. Dwyer & J. R. Martin. 2010. <i>The coupling of gesture and phonology</i>. In M. Bednarek, & J.R. Martin (eds.), New discourse on language: Functional perspectives on multimodality, identity and affiliation. London: Continuum. 219–236.</li>
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The function of misrepresenting Martin as the first author is to position Martin as the origination of "our evolving work". (The paper was primarily written by Zappavigna, using Cléirigh's model; Dwyer and Martin were the tenured academics who were granted funding for the project.)<br />
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<span style="color: #cc0000;">[2]</span> As the clarifying critiques on this blog demonstrate, "our evolving work" involves serious misunderstandings of Cléirigh's model of body language, with these misunderstandings now rebranded as Martin's model of paralanguage.<br />
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<span style="color: magenta;">[3]</span> To be clear, Bateman favourably reviewed Martin's first major publication, <i>English Text</i> (1992). However, in doing so, he neglected to check the provenance of "Martin's" ideas or to consider whether the work was consistent with SFL theory or even with itself; evidence <a href="http://master-bateman.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">here</a>. For some of Bateman's misunderstandings of SFL theory, see <a href="http://thoughts-that-cross-my-mind.blogspot.com/search/label/Bateman" target="_blank">here</a>.</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738843769534314175.post-6731974387146695942019-03-17T00:00:00.001+11:002020-12-10T09:46:33.778+11:00On This Paper Clarifying The Theoretical And Descriptive Challenges Posed In Martin (2011)<span style="text-align: justify;">Martin & Zappavigna (2019: 27):</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;">This of course makes research into the relation between language and paralanguage an interesting case study as far as research into intermodality in general is concerned,</span> <span style="color: magenta;">possibly helping to clarify some of the theoretical and descriptive challenges posed in Martin 2011.</span></blockquote>
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<b><u>Blogger Comments</u></b>:</div>
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<span style="color: red;">[1]</span> To be clear, if, as the authors argue, paralanguage is an alternative expression plane of language, then the relation between language and paralanguage is <b><i>not</i></b> 'intermodal', since language and paralanguage are just two perspectives on the <b>same</b> semiotic mode.</div>
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<span style="color: magenta;">[2]</span> To be clear, given the wealth of theoretical confusions in this paper that have been identified here, any clarifications of any theoretical and descriptive challenges are purely accidental.</div>
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On the other hand, ignoring the fact that Martin (2011) begins by misunderstanding Saussure's sign (pp243-5), and the relation between Saussure's sign and linguistics (p245), and ignoring all the other theoretical misunderstandings that follow, the questions posed by Martin can be listed here so that the reader can assess which of them this paper has helped to clarify.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">p245:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Based on this reading of Saussure one could ask of any multimodal analyst:</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">1. Do you conceive of the sign as an entity that realises a meaning located outside itself (in the material world or in the mind or elsewhere) or alternatively as a meaning construing act?<br />2. Where and how, if at all, do you explicitly model valeur (i.e. the system of differences among signs)?</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">pp246-7:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Based on this reading of Hjelmslev and Halliday, one could ask of any multimodal analyst:</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">1. For a given semiotic system, how many strata are you proposing, and on which stratum is your description located?<br />2. Are your strata related by metaredundancy (as patterns of patterns)?<br />3. Are there distinct systems of valeur on each of the strata you propose?<br />4. Is there any ontogenetic or phylogenetic evidence suggesting that any stratified system you propose evolved from an unstratified or a less stratified system?</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">p247:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Based on this reading of Halliday, one could ask of any multimodal analyst:</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">1. For a given stratum, how many ranks are you proposing, and at which rank is your description located?<br />2. Are there distinct systems of valeur on each of the ranks you propose?<br />3. Are your distinct systems of valeur related by constituency (as parts to wholes)?</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">p248:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Based on this reading of Halliday, one could ask of any multimodal analyst:</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">1. For a given semiotic system, how many metafunctions are you proposing?<br />2. Are there topologically distinct systems of valeur for each of the metafunctions you propose?<br />3. By what criteria are systems of valeur seen as relatively independent or interdependent of one another?</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">p249:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Based on this reading of Halliday one could ask of any multimodal analyst:</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">1. For a given semiotic system, how many kinds of structural realisation are you proposing?<br />2. Are the different types of realisation associated with different types of meaning?<br />3. When analogising from metafunctions in language to your semiotic system did you take kinds of meaning or types of structure as point of departure?</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">p250:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Based on this reading of paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations in SFL one could ask of any multimodal analyst:</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">1. Are your descriptions formalised as system/structure cycles, explicitly showing the relation of systemic choices to structural consequences?<br />2. How many system/structure cycles are you proposing and how are they related to one another (by strata, rank, metafunction or some other theoretical parameter)?</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">p252:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Based on this reading of system and text in SFL one could ask of any multimodal analyst:</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">1. Is the complementarity of realisation and instantiation addressed your description?<br />2. If so, how are you distinguishing axial realisation (the defining interdependency of system and structure) from instantiation (the logogenetic unfolding of realisational resources as text)?<br />3. As far as the contextual specification of your system is concerned, what genres/registers/text types do you propose?</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">p254:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">In relation to Matthiessen’s proposed cline of integration one could ask the multimodal analyst:</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">1. Do you manage intermodality by proposing a single system of valeur, on a higher stratum or not, realised axially or inter-stratally by two or more modalities (realisational integration); or do you propose a coupling process weaving together meanings from different modalities in a single text (instantial integration)?</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">p255:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Based on these intermodal integration and complementarity issues one can ask the multimodal analyst:</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">1. Are the relations you recognise as obtaining between modalities in an intermodal text the same as those you find between units of a text in a monomodal one?<br />2. Do you recognise different kinds of intermodal relations depending on the kind of meaning involved (ideational/interpersonal/textual)?</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">p256:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Based on this discussion of affordances and commitment one could ask the multimodal analyst:</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">1. How do you model the amount of meaning committed and thereby the complementary contribution of different semiotic systems in an intermodal text?<br />2. How does the semantic weight of a given system’s contribution reflect its affordances?</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">p260:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">In light of this reading of Cléirigh, one could ask:</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">1. Is the semiotic system you are working on a denotative semiotic system, with its own content form and expression form?<br />2. If not, does it involve parametric resources of the kind outlined by van Leeuwen (i.e. multiple, simultaneous, graded, binary systems)?<br />3. If so, could it be usefully factored into protosemiotic, denotative semiotic and epilinguistic systems?</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">p262:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">In light of these concerns with identity and affiliation, one could ask:</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">1. How do you describe the allocation of the semiotic resources you are focusing on to repertoires of users?<br />2. How do these repertoires engender communities of such users?<br />3. Is there a distinctive role for denotative semiotic, protosemiotic and episemiotic systems in this process?</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">pp263-4:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">In light of these concerns with the limits of semiosis, one could ask:</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">1. On what basis do you distinguish between the semiosis you are considering and its biological and/or physical environment?<br />2. To what extent do you feel that interdisciplinary research involving neurobiologists and/or physicists is necessary to give a full account of the discourse you are considering?<br />3. Are you deliberately treating aspects of biological and physical materiality as if they were semiosis?</span></blockquote>
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Martin & Zappavigna (2019: 26-7, 28):</div>
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In this model, the content <span style="color: #e06666;">form</span> of face-to-face linguistic communication can be realised as phonology (of spoken language) or <span style="color: red;">sign (including the sign languages of deaf communities and the <span class="s1">‘</span>emblems<span class="s1">’ </span>of hearing ones)</span>, plus in both cases <span style="color: #3d85c6;">sonovergent</span> and <span style="color: magenta;">semovergent paralanguage</span>; and for many languages we have a graphological system used for written communication. <span style="color: #674ea7;">This leaves us with the terminological challenge of how best to name the sound quality and gestural resources we have been calling paralanguage in this paper (since they wouldn<span class="s1">’</span>t be para- anymore); we will not attempt to improve on our usage here.</span> </blockquote>
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<span style="color: #e06666;">[1]</span> To be clear, content <b>form</b> is form, not function, and only refers to grammatical forms (clause, phrase/group, word, morpheme). In terms of SFL theory, the authors here confuse 'form' with 'plane' (the level of symbolic abstraction that includes the strata of semantics and lexicogrammar).</div>
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<span style="color: red;">[2]</span> Here the authors reduce the expression systems of Sign languages to mere emblems, such as the thumbs-up sign and the middle finger salute. To be clear, Sign languages are languages, and so, tri-stratal, and their gestural systems realise the lexicogrammar, just as phonological systems realise the lexicogrammar of spoken languages. Emblems, on the other hand, are bi-stratal signs, and so their expressions only realise meaning directly, without the considerable semogenic power that a stratum of grammatical systems provides. This is why emblems are types of epilinguistic body language in Cléirigh's model.</div>
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<span style="color: #3d85c6;">[3]</span> To be clear, the expression systems of sonovergent paralanguage (Cléirigh's linguistic body language) only realise the linguistic content that prosodic phonology realises. That is, it cannot realise the linguistic content that articulatory phonology realises, such as lexical items. So the authors are seriously mistaken in presenting sonovergent paralanguage as an alternative to the entire phonological system.</div>
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<span style="color: magenta;">[4]</span> As previously explained, the claim that semovergent paralanguage (Cléirigh's epilinguistic body language) is an alternative to phonology and graphology is falsified by any clause that cannot be realised in semovergent paralanguage, such as the Leo Szilard quote:</div>
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<i>A scientist's aim in a discussion with his colleagues is not to persuade, but to clarify.</i></blockquote>
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To be clear, no grammatical structures can be realised in epilinguistic expressions (semovergent paralanguage) because epilinguistic semiosis is bi-stratal, not tri-stratal, and so expressions realise meaning directly, without the considerable semogenic power that a stratum of grammatical systems provides. It is the absence of a grammar that the parlour game <i>Charades</i> exploits.</div>
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<span style="color: #674ea7;">[5]</span> To be clear, the authors began the paper by rebranding Cléirigh's model of <b>body language</b> as their model of <b>paralanguage</b>, and now, having satisfied themselves that their <b>paralanguage</b> is <b><i>not</i></b> <b>paralanguage</b>, the authors shy away from rebranding it with a more appropriate term, such as <b>body language</b>.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738843769534314175.post-23553121325089620802019-03-15T00:00:00.001+11:002020-12-10T09:47:42.413+11:00The Argument That Paralanguage Is An Expression System Of Language<style type="text/css">
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Martin & Zappavigna (2019: 26-7, 28):</div>
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But what about the stem -language which para- is prefixed to? <span style="color: red;">The drift of consensus in gesture studies, </span>as reviewed and promoted by <span style="color: magenta;">Fricke (Fricke 2013)</span> appears to be towards treating aspects of what we have been calling paralanguage here as part of language (in fact as part of grammar in <span style="color: magenta;">Fricke’s</span> work). <span style="color: magenta;">From the perspective of SFL</span> <span style="color: red;">this argues</span> for a re-interpretation of the taxonomy in Fig. 44 above as <span style="color: #e69138;">Table 6 below, with paralanguage positioned not alongside language but as part of its expression form.</span></blockquote>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGvnCHt9u0rbzBwjpGM6dFErG5QdSeChd-i2XQt2ECQZBbsBlYtizMXJe8snm2DNzs_KIzI27nF2KhEiO1hZF30949X30YFKYXS-msragAfhRAasXfNFrCwiSoBY_uWUikOVwkAepgsVg/s1600/Fig+44.png"><img border="0" data-original-height="270" data-original-width="559" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGvnCHt9u0rbzBwjpGM6dFErG5QdSeChd-i2XQt2ECQZBbsBlYtizMXJe8snm2DNzs_KIzI27nF2KhEiO1hZF30949X30YFKYXS-msragAfhRAasXfNFrCwiSoBY_uWUikOVwkAepgsVg/s1600/Fig+44.png" /></a></div>
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<b><u>Blogger Comments</u></b>:</div>
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<span style="color: red;">[1]</span> To be clear, consensus is not argument, and to present it as argument is the logical fallacy known as <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum" target="_blank">Argumentum ad populum</a></i>.</div>
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<span style="color: magenta;">[2]</span> To be clear, from the perspective of SFL, Fricke (2013) provides no argument with regard to theorising in SFL, because she does not proceed from the same theoretical assumptions as SFL. That is, Fricke operates with a different conception of grammar, and a different conception what constitutes inclusion in a grammar, as the following quote (op. cit.: 734) makes clear:</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdhQsfj0fLWFUdG9K5aygGlsEz5Pjc0-XRjNO7eaGMjmr1wIYsJoZ_7b1LfK-tTyiiM3V9SsPo-QLzK5B5lLi6oGTgzonVx1dFa17mKo8rMEkeNdhhPwfTsp7DWX_Eiw-88pGrdTG-A0E/s1600/Fricke.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdhQsfj0fLWFUdG9K5aygGlsEz5Pjc0-XRjNO7eaGMjmr1wIYsJoZ_7b1LfK-tTyiiM3V9SsPo-QLzK5B5lLi6oGTgzonVx1dFa17mKo8rMEkeNdhhPwfTsp7DWX_Eiw-88pGrdTG-A0E/s1600/Fricke.png" /></a></blockquote>
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<span style="color: #e69138;">[3]</span> To be clear, the claim that paralanguage is an alternative to phonology, graphology and the expression systems of Sign languages is easily falsified by the fact that the following clause can be realised by genuinely linguistic expression systems, but not by Martin's semovergent paralanguage:</div>
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<i>It is a miracle that curiosity survives formal education.</i></blockquote>
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To be clear, in SFL, to be part of language, a semiotic system has to be systematically related to the grammar (Halliday 1985/9: 30). This is why Cléirigh's <b>linguistic</b> body language ("sonovergent paralanguage") is called <b>linguistic</b> — because its gestures realise the same grammatical features as prosodic phonology, differing only in the parts of the body used to express them.</div>
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Epilinguistic body language ("semovergent paralanguage"), on the other hand, is <b><i>not</i></b> systematically related to the grammar, and like all semiotic systems other than language, is bi-stratal, not tri-stratal, which is why, unlike genuinely linguistic expression systems, it <b><i>cannot</i></b> realise the Einstein quote above.</div>
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It is instructive to consider the overall argument of this paper:</div>
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<li>Firstly, Cléirigh's types of body language were rebranded as types of Martin's paralanguage, and then misunderstood and misapplied.</li>
<li>Second, gestures realising numbers (claimed to be examples Kendon's emblems) were claimed to be expressions of language, not paralanguage.</li>
<li>Finally, all paralanguage was claimed to be expressions of language (because people using other theories agree that it is).</li>
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To be clear, the reasons why the authors have interpreted their paralanguage as expressions of language are because</div>
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<li><b>linguistic</b> body language ("sonovergent paralanguage") <b><i>is</i></b> language, and </li>
<li>the authors have confused <b>intersemiotic relations</b> ('convergence') with <b>intrasemiotic stratification</b> (realisation) and </li>
<li>have set out with the narrow intention to relate the <b><i>expressions</i></b> of epilinguistic body language ("semovergent paralanguage") to Martin's <b>discourse</b> <b>semantic</b> systems (his rebrandings of Halliday's speech function and cohesion).</li>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738843769534314175.post-13007754876174851582019-03-14T00:00:00.001+11:002020-12-10T09:48:01.688+11:00The Argument That All Body Language Is Paralanguage<style type="text/css">
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</style><div class="p1"><div style="text-align: justify;">Martin & Zappavigna (2019: 26):</div>
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Compared to other modalities of communication, paralanguage has a distinctive relation to language in that it is coordinated with prosodic phonology. This is obviously true, by definition, for sonovergent paralanguage. <span style="color: #a64d79;">But semovergent paralanguage is also coordinated with <span class="s1" style="font-size: x-small;">TONALITY</span>, <span class="s1"><span style="font-size: x-small;">TONICITY</span> <span style="font-size: x-small;">RHYTHM</span> </span>and <span class="s1" style="font-size: x-small;">TONE</span>, since gestures, facial expression, bodily stance and sounds unfold in measures of time converging with units of rhythm and intonation.</span> <span style="color: #e06666;">Even brief episodes of mime follow this principle, filling in for <span class="s2">‘</span>missing<span class="s2">’ </span>tonic segments or tone groups as a whole.</span> <span style="color: #3d85c6;">Alongside this expression form of temporal dependency,</span> <span style="color: blue;">paralanguage is dependent on the content form of language</span> <span style="color: magenta;">because of its inherent generality. Semovergent paralanguage typically commits meaning far less specifically than spoken language can; instantiations are by and large interpretable with respect to what is said.</span> <span style="color: red;">With respect to these two dependencies, the prefix para- (understood as <span class="s2">‘</span>beside<span class="s2">’</span>) is appropriate.</span></blockquote>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;">[1]</span> As previously noted, the authors have not demonstrated this to be the case; they have merely presented the language accompanying gestures with markers of tone group boundaries in order to fudge their argument. This is the logical fallacy known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging_the_question" target="_blank">begging the question (<i>petitio principii</i>)</a>.<br />
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<span style="color: #e06666;">[2]</span> Here the authors claim that the use of mime in the <b><i>absence</i></b> of language demonstrates that mime is timed with units of rhythm and intonation. By the same logic, it could be argued that mime is timed with the units of grammar or semantics that are also absent.<br />
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<span style="color: #3d85c6;">[3]</span> Here the authors interpret the fact that epilinguistic body language (semovergent paralanguage) can occur <b>with or without</b> prosodic phonology as body language being <b>dependent</b> on prosodic phonology.<br />
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<span style="color: blue;">[4]</span> Here the authors claim that epilinguistic body language (semovergent paralanguage) is dependent on the <b>content form</b> of language. Apparently unknown to the authors, the content form of language refers to the rank units of the grammar: clause, phrase/group, word and morpheme. On the one hand, the authors have not demonstrated any relations between epilinguistic body language and grammatical forms, and on the other hand, epilinguistic body language is bi-stratal: content / expression only — it has no grammatical stratum.<br />
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<span style="color: magenta;">[5]</span> Here the authors confuse <b>descriptive</b> <b>delicacy</b> — which Martin's 'commitment' confuses with <b>systemic</b> delicacy — with <b>stratification</b>. Because epilinguistic body language, like all epilanguage, is only bi-stratal, it lacks the <b>grammatical</b> resources for realising meaning. That is, its (linguistic) meaning can only be realised directly in expression systems, and this greatly reduces its semogenic potential in comparison to language.<br />
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<span style="color: red;">[6]</span> To be clear, the authors argue that body language is 'para-' on the basis that it is 'hypo-' (dependent); cf. paratactic vs hypotactic. Moreover, neither of the stated dependencies survives close scrutiny, as <span style="color: blue;">[4]</span> and <span style="color: magenta;">[5]</span> above demonstrate. That is to say, the authors' argument does not support their claim that 'paralanguage' is an appropriate characterisation of these two body language systems.</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738843769534314175.post-4593008074447236412019-03-13T00:00:00.002+11:002020-12-10T09:48:19.701+11:00What Semovergent Paralanguage Does<div style="text-align: justify;">
Martin & Zappavigna (2019: 25):</div>
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<span style="color: red;">semovergent systems</span> <span style="color: #990000;">construe ideational meaning</span><span style="color: #660000;">,</span> <span style="color: #cc0000;">enact interpersonal meaning</span> <span style="color: #e06666;">and compose textual meaning</span> <span style="color: red;">convergently with the discourse semantics of language</span> <span style="color: magenta;">(and its realisation through lexi[c]ogrammar)</span>.</blockquote>
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<span style="color: #990000;">[1]</span> To be clear, the claim here is that semovergent paralanguage (Cléirigh's epilinguistic body language) and discourse semantics construe the same ideational meaning; that is to say, that semovergent paralanguage instantiates the meanings of Martin's systems of <span style="font-size: x-small;">IDEATION</span> (experiential) and <span style="font-size: x-small;">CONNEXION</span> (logical). There are two main problems with this claim:<br />
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Firstly, as previously demonstrated, the authors have not provided any evidence in support of the claim. Secondly, Martin's two systems, <span style="font-size: x-small;">IDEATION</span> and <span style="font-size: x-small;">CONNEXION</span>, are his rebrandings of Halliday & Hasan's (1976) <span style="font-size: x-small;">LEXICAL COHESION</span> and <span style="font-size: x-small;">COHESIVE CONJUNCTION</span>, which are <b>grammatical</b>, <b><i>not</i></b> semantic, and <b>textual</b> in metafunction, <b><i>not</i></b> ideational.<br />
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<span style="color: #cc0000;">[2]</span> To be clear, the claim here is that semovergent paralanguage and discourse semantics enact the same interpersonal meaning; that is to say, that semovergent paralanguage instantiates the meanings of Martin's systems of <span style="font-size: x-small;">NEGOTIATION</span> and <span style="font-size: x-small;">APPRAISAL</span>. There is one main problem with this claim:</div>
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As previously demonstrated, the authors have not provided any evidence in support of the claim. That is, there are no instances of gestures realising <span style="font-size: x-small;">NEGOTIATION </span>features, and the gestures presented as realising <span style="font-size: x-small;">APPRAISAL </span>features are <b>protolinguistic</b>, <b><i>not</i></b> epilinguistic (semovergent).</div>
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<span style="color: #e06666;">[3]</span> To be clear, the claim here is that semovergent paralanguage and discourse semantics compose the same textual meaning; that is to say, that semovergent paralanguage instantiates the meanings of Martin's systems of <span style="font-size: x-small;">IDENTIFICATION</span> and <span style="font-size: x-small;">PERIODICITY</span>. There are two main problems with this claim:</div>
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Firstly, as previously demonstrated, the authors have not provided any evidence in support of the claim. That is to say, there are no instances of gestures realising the introduction of entities and their tracking through the discourse, and there are no instances of gestures realising macro-Themes, hyper-Themes, hyper-News or macro-News.<br />
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Secondly, Martin's system of <span style="font-size: x-small;">IDENTIFICATION</span> is his rebranding of Halliday & Hasan's (1976)<span style="font-size: x-small;"> COHESIVE REFERENCE</span>, which is a <b>grammatical</b> system, <b><i>not</i></b> a semantic system; and Martin's system of <span style="font-size: x-small;">PERIODICITY</span> is writing pedagogy misunderstood as textual semantics.<br />
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<span style="color: magenta;">[4]</span> To be clear, Martin (1992) provides no specifications on how his discourse semantic systems are realised in lexicogrammatical systems.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738843769534314175.post-22101278258014678722019-03-12T00:00:00.002+11:002020-12-10T09:49:28.791+11:00What Sonovergent Paralanguage Does<div style="text-align: justify;">
Martin & Zappavigna (2019: 25):</div>
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<span style="color: red;">Sonovergent systems enact interpersonal meaning in tune with and compose textual meaning in sync with the prosodic phonology of language;</span></div>
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The claims here are that:</div>
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<li style="text-align: justify;">sonovergent paralanguage and prosodic phonology are 'in tune' in <b>enacting</b> interpersonal meaning, and</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">sonovergent paralanguage and prosodic phonology are 'in sync' in <b>composing</b> textual meaning.</li>
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The problems here are as follows.<br />
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Firstly, prosodic phonology doesn't <b><i>enact</i></b> interpersonal meaning, it <b><i>realises</i></b> the wording that <b><i>realises</i></b> interpersonal meaning. By the same token, prosodic phonology doesn't <b><i>compose</i></b> textual meaning, it <b><i>realises</i></b> the wording that <b><i>realises</i></b> textual meaning.</div>
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Secondly, Cléirigh's linguistic body language (sonovergent paralanguage) is a <b>stratified</b> semiotic system, not merely an <b>expression</b> plane system, like prosodic phonology.</div>
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Thirdly, (stratified) sonovergent paralanguage doesn't enact <b>interpersonal meaning</b>; it enacts <b>intersubjective relations</b> <b><i>as</i></b> interpersonal meaning. By the same token, (stratified) sonovergent paralanguage doesn't <b>compose</b> textual meaning; it organises ideational and interpersonal meaning as textual meaning.<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738843769534314175.post-8249546805055311692019-03-11T00:00:00.003+11:002022-12-04T07:25:30.759+11:00What The Authors Have Done In This Paper<div style="text-align: justify;">
Martin & Zappavigna (2019: 25):</div>
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In this paper we have outlined <span style="color: #a64d79;">a model</span> <span style="color: #45818e;">distinguishing behaviour from meaning (somasis vs semiosis)</span>, and within semiosis, language from paralanguage. <span style="color: #a64d79;">Paralanguage itself was then divided into sonovergent and semovergent systems</span> <span style="color: magenta;">according to their convergence with either the expression plane or content plane of language.</span></blockquote>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;">[1]</span> To be clear, the model the authors have outlined is (part of) Cléirigh's model, linguistic and epilinguistic body language, though misunderstood and rebranded as their own systems, sonovergent and semovergent paralanguage.</div>
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<span style="color: #45818e;">[2]</span> As previously demonstrated <a href="https://sflparalanguage.blogspot.com/2019/01/unwittingly-interpreting-purported-non.html" target="_blank">here</a>, having distinguished non-semiotic behaviour from semiosis, the authors then interpret <b><i>non</i>-semiotic</b> behaviour as <b>semiotic</b>.</div>
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<span style="color: magenta;">[3]</span> As previously demonstrated, the paralanguage that the authors rebrand as 'sonovergent' is actually, in their own terms, 'semovergent', not 'sonovergent', because it instantiates the <b>same meanings</b> as language, but it <b><i>diverges</i></b> from language in the way it is expressed, gesturally rather than vocally.</div>
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On the other hand, the authors' approach to semovergent paralanguage has been merely an unsuccessful attempt to fit gestural data to Martin's discourse semantic systems, instead of using the gestural data to encode theory. This will lead them to the erroneous conclusion (p26, 28) that paralanguage is an alternative expression form of language, alongside phonology, graphology and sign.</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738843769534314175.post-44757747295208972252019-03-10T00:00:00.001+11:002020-12-10T09:50:09.621+11:00The Notion That Emblematic Gestures Are Linguistic Alternatives To Phonology And Graphology<div style="text-align: justify;">
Martin & Zappavigna (2019: 25, 27, 29):</div>
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The relationship we are emphasising between <span style="color: red;">emblems</span> and alternative expression form systems is outlined in Fig. 44, using the <span style="color: red;">words</span> <i>zero, one, two, three, four </i>and<i> five </i>as examples. These <span style="color: red;">words</span> can be alternatively expressed in English through segmental phonology (e.g. /tuw/), graphological characters (e.g. ‘2’) or hand gestures (index and middle finger vertical).</blockquote>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRjSIr4PeH8maHFvj9dYIFe7UCoqES9aC_jzTFOzePBhhaTuJaxsQGk5Z8VJW2psqUm89vrWWWZPoiTM7In2miWCbDxhS89SgBu8lq985Tegd4puNQ_k80S2w6S7zb4pdRZnmJql2Y7K8/s1600/Fig+44.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRjSIr4PeH8maHFvj9dYIFe7UCoqES9aC_jzTFOzePBhhaTuJaxsQGk5Z8VJW2psqUm89vrWWWZPoiTM7In2miWCbDxhS89SgBu8lq985Tegd4puNQ_k80S2w6S7zb4pdRZnmJql2Y7K8/s1600/Fig+44.png" /></a></blockquote>
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An outline of the place of emblems in our overall system in presented in Fig. 45. Rather than treating them as a dimension of paralanguage, we have moved them over to language proper, as <span style="color: red;">an alternative manifestation of its expression form</span>.</blockquote>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3HRcsh4sDuy1emVFSgvW9QUz6ZNVvQsf_Gzgk9pAAcAh4q1hKk86-D5WKSeeqrILhGW2aavLaDy1rsLz5d6Psprw0a5ly2r_NCawmozTu3ul55odS25k1dpuNuXgGX8T5BitjR0Vwpns/s1600/Fig+45.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3HRcsh4sDuy1emVFSgvW9QUz6ZNVvQsf_Gzgk9pAAcAh4q1hKk86-D5WKSeeqrILhGW2aavLaDy1rsLz5d6Psprw0a5ly2r_NCawmozTu3ul55odS25k1dpuNuXgGX8T5BitjR0Vwpns/s1600/Fig+45.png" /></a> </blockquote>
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To be clear, Kendon's 'emblems', which he describes as 'quotable gestures', are conventionalised signs, such as 'thumbs-up', the 'V-sign', or the 'middle-finger salute'. As signs, they are meaning/expression pairs, not tri-stratal language.</div>
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The authors, however, here present hand-shapes representing numbers as emblems and, on that basis, argue that the gestures involved are an alternative form of linguistic expression, along with phonology and graphology. An easy way to falsify this claim is to try to use emblematic gestures alone to express the following verse from Kenneth Grahame's <i>The Wind In The Willows</i>:</div>
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<i>The clever men at Oxford<br />Know all that there is to be knowed.<br />But they none of them know one half as much,<br />As intelligent Mr. Toad!</i></blockquote>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738843769534314175.post-80570488428070212482019-03-09T00:00:00.001+11:002020-12-10T09:50:29.669+11:00The Argument That 'Emblems' Are Part Of Language<div style="text-align: justify;">
Martin & Zappavigna (2019: 24-5):<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
These gestures differ from the semovergent ones illustrated thus far in critical ways (cf. McNeill 2012: 7<span class="s2">–</span>10). <span style="color: blue;">For </span><span style="color: blue;">one</span><span style="color: blue;"> thing</span> <span style="color: #e06666;">they</span> <span style="color: red;">commit</span> <span style="color: #e06666;">very specific meanings and can be readily recognised without accompanying co-text.</span> As part of this specificity <span style="color: #a64d79;">they can enact moves in exchange structure on their own <span class="s2">– </span>e.g. the statements and requests noted above, alongside greetings and leave-takings (hand waving), calls (beckoning gestures), agreement (nodding head), disagreement (shaking head), challenges (upright palm facing forward for <span class="s2">‘</span>stop<span class="s2">’</span>) and so on.</span> <span style="color: #45818e;">For another they are much more easily called to consciousness, as the first thing that comes to mind when someone mentions gesture.</span> <span style="color: #674ea7;">And in this regard they are often commented on as culturally specific (e.g. the difference between an Anglo supine hand beckoning gesture and its Filipino prone hand equivalent).</span> <span style="color: #cc0000;">In both respects emblems contrast with common-sense dismissals of the paralanguage (introduced in sections “Sonovergent paralanguage" and "Gesture converging with meaning (semovergent paralanguage)”) as idiosyncratic</span> (<span style="color: #bf9000;">although none of us has any trouble successfully interpreting another speaker’s sonovergent and semovergent systems</span>). <span style="color: magenta;">From the perspective of the sign language of the deaf, emblems most strongly resemble signs; they are expression form gestures explicitly encoding meaning. Similarly, from the perspective of character based writing systems (such as those of Chinese), emblems most strongly resemble characters (but gestured rather than scribed).</span></blockquote>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #b45f06;">This indicates that emblems are better treated as part of language than as a dimension of paralanguage.</span></blockquote>
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<b><u>Blogger Comments</u></b>:</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
To be clear, here the authors outline their argument for classifying what Kendon terms 'emblems' as language rather than semovergent paralanguage (Cléirigh's epilinguistic body language).</div>
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<span style="color: blue;">[1]</span> Incidentally, here the authors exemplify the use the word <i>one</i> as a constituent of a conjunctive Adjunct; see the preceding post on the vlogger gesturing the meaning 'one'.<br />
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<span style="color: #e06666;">[2]</span> To be clear, in SFL theory, unknown to the authors, the conventionalisation of the meaning of specific gestures in a community corresponds to the move of the sign (content/expression pair) from the <b>instance</b> pole to the <b>system</b> pole of the cline of instantiation. However, since this can occur in the development of semiotic systems in general — e.g. protolanguage, emoji, pictorial signage — it does not support the authors' argument that emblems are part of language.<br />
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<span style="color: red;">[3]</span> To be clear, gestures don't "commit" meanings, they <b><i>realise</i></b> them, since <b>realisation</b> is the relation between expression and content. 'Commitment', on the other hand, in Martin's own terms, is concerned with <b>instantiation</b>, the relation between potential and instance, though, as previously explained <a href="https://sflparalanguage.blogspot.com/search/label/commitment" target="_blank">here</a>, the notion derives from Martin's misunderstanding of systemic delicacy.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #a64d79;">[4]</span> To be clear, here the authors have switched attention from <b>tone groups</b> to <b>exchange structures</b> in an attempt to fudge their argument. In their <b><i>own</i></b> terms, these moves would constitute examples of <b>interpersonal semovergent paralanguage</b>, since the meaning of these gestures "resonates" or "converges" with the meanings of Martin's interpersonal discourse semantic system of <span style="font-size: x-small;">NEGOTIATION</span>. Accordingly, this does not support the authors' argument that emblems are part of language.<br />
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<span style="color: #45818e;">[5]</span> The authors' "argument" here is that because these gestures are regarded as prototypical <b>gestures</b>, they are therefore part of <b>language</b>.<br />
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<span style="color: #674ea7;">[6]</span> To be clear, on the one hand, some emblems are culturally-specific and some are not. So culture specificity cannot be used as an argument about emblems as a type. On the other hand, in any case, the culture-specificity of semiotic systems is not confined to language, as demonstrated, for example, by differences in the protolanguages of separated populations of the same species.<br />
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<span style="color: #cc0000;">[7]</span> To be clear, Halliday (1989: 30-1) distinguishes paralanguage from indexical features, the latter being those that are peculiar to the individual ("idiosyncratic"). So the authors' argument here is that emblems are language because they are not indexical features.<br />
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<span style="color: #bf9000;">[8]</span> As this blog demonstrates, the authors <b><i>do</i></b> have trouble in interpreting both the meaning of the vlogger gestures and the type of body language involved.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: magenta;">[9]</span> To be clear, the authors' argument here is that emblems are part of <b>language</b> because their <b>expressions</b> resemble the <b>expressions</b> of <b>language</b> (Sign and Chinese), and that, in the case of one of these, at least, the expressions "explicitly encode" meaning.<br />
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On the one hand, if this is true, it applies to all languages, not just Sign and Chinese. On the other hand, the reason it is <b><i>not</i></b> true is that the expressions of Sign and Chinese, encode the wording that encodes meaning, whereas the expressions of emblems only encode meaning. That is, Sign and Chinese, being languages, are tri-stratal, whereas emblems, not being language, are bi-stratal. Once again, the authors' argument does not support their claim that emblems are part of language.<br />
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<span style="color: #b45f06;">[10]</span> As the above clarifications demonstrate, <b><i>not one</i></b> of the arguments offered by the authors supports their hypothesis that emblems are part of language.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738843769534314175.post-5120531147453167572019-03-08T00:00:00.001+11:002020-12-10T09:50:51.873+11:00Emblems<span style="text-align: justify;">Martin & Zappavigna (2019: 23-4):</span><br />
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<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Emblems</b></blockquote>
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It remains to introduce our treatment of what Kendon (Kendon 2004) refers to as emblems, drawing on Ekman and Friesen (1969). Included here are gestures such as thumbs up or thumbs down (as praise or censure), index finger touching lips (for <span class="s2">‘</span>quiet please<span class="s2">’</span>), hand cupped over ear (for <span class="s2">‘</span>I can<span class="s2">’</span>t hear<span class="s2">’</span>), middle finger vertical (for <span class="s2">‘</span>get fucked<span class="s2">’</span>) and so on. Our vlogger uses one of these gestures to introduce the first of her explanations as to why her hair is darker than usual <span class="s1">– </span><span style="color: red;">raising her index finger as an emblem for the numeral </span><span style="color: red;">‘1’ </span>(Fig. 43). </blockquote>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4kw8uKrF-Tcq_ORA_0B31BhLSCqoBQl1T-YmPo9oJYK3u9mFeJq47WYgMkirljByXvSbuAaJshBBVvRxHh9jnCwxB1HQJebb_C_2HwoIygDoPDYoj_G14adnuljXPDmzxE7NunqPHxfQ/s1600/Fig+43.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4kw8uKrF-Tcq_ORA_0B31BhLSCqoBQl1T-YmPo9oJYK3u9mFeJq47WYgMkirljByXvSbuAaJshBBVvRxHh9jnCwxB1HQJebb_C_2HwoIygDoPDYoj_G14adnuljXPDmzxE7NunqPHxfQ/s1600/Fig+43.png" /></a></blockquote>
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<b><u>Blogger Comments</u></b>:</div>
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To be clear, in terms of SFL theory, the word <i>one</i> here functions like <i>firstly</i>, as a conjunctive Adjunct, realising a textually cohesive temporal conjunctive relation internal to the discourse. On this basis, the index finger gesture, on Cléirigh's original model, is an instance of <b>textual</b> epilinguistic body language, an expression realising the same meaning as the word.</div>
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On Martin's (1992) model, cohesive conjunction is misunderstood as a <b>logical</b> discourse semantic system, now rebranded as <span style="font-size: x-small;">CONNEXION</span>. On this basis, the authors here missed an opportunity to present an instance of <b>logical semovergent paralanguage</b>. (It will later be seen that the authors regard emblems — what Kendon glosses as 'quotable gestures' — as <b>expressions</b> of language, rather than stratified paralanguage).</div>
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</style>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738843769534314175.post-34167125795833857812019-03-07T00:00:00.001+11:002020-12-10T09:51:12.197+11:00Mime As Paralanguage<div style="text-align: justify;">
Martin & Zappavigna (2019: 22-6):</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #e06666;">In terms of the <span style="font-size: x-small;">TONALITY</span> of this sequence, there are two </span><span style="color: red;">miming</span><span style="color: #e06666;"> segments where tone groups might have been.</span> <span style="color: #a64d79;">For each, the vlogger </span><span style="color: red;">mimes</span><span style="color: #a64d79;"> the paralanguage of her parking spot assailant. In the first slot she </span><span style="color: red;">mimes</span><span style="color: #a64d79;"> his interpersonal attitude paralanguage, as discussed in section “Evaluation (interpersonal semovergent paralanguage)” above (Fig. 39).</span></blockquote>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRsvEzsFHajmN7ip9fmA2i3D21J0oYAv-wZL6f_x1qnVZMez0YXbqe26ZudhyphenhypheneoMyUR8JIxl9tGkcQcjrFlhuC6jckqgvH0R9hp51gEJiUb_RtGihNCWc4763RtYVcaHSPEDV_6bB4Z3w/s1600/Fig+39.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRsvEzsFHajmN7ip9fmA2i3D21J0oYAv-wZL6f_x1qnVZMez0YXbqe26ZudhyphenhypheneoMyUR8JIxl9tGkcQcjrFlhuC6jckqgvH0R9hp51gEJiUb_RtGihNCWc4763RtYVcaHSPEDV_6bB4Z3w/s1600/Fig+39.png" /></a> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: magenta;">In the second she </span><span style="color: red;">mimes</span><span style="color: magenta;"> his ideational motion paralanguage as she twice gestures <span style="text-align: justify;">leaving (the second time including a textual pointing gesture) (Figs. 40 and 41). </span></span></blockquote>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjABrutwNGbiEStutHY1jSCww8pJvvuxxFF_osYvw2idHnZ7CVrlnipI2rhLR63Q9vh15Gglq2PLNP2ENNYi3hlOZ0K7DzG37bIkBRhKe7elzPdJC1gCDXqWnY2EuRICxtWeOQTYU1umO8/s1600/Fig+40.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjABrutwNGbiEStutHY1jSCww8pJvvuxxFF_osYvw2idHnZ7CVrlnipI2rhLR63Q9vh15Gglq2PLNP2ENNYi3hlOZ0K7DzG37bIkBRhKe7elzPdJC1gCDXqWnY2EuRICxtWeOQTYU1umO8/s1600/Fig+40.png" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI8pxV-IgE-J06d_MgAHdy7Ny5d4Zv62LMpI7XgD9SOddqxY1s1ExCsGRpTLRbX5JVq_zG1bg4klcjJEPS8pmqGhOOsSYB-T95UUx9Ip21rTZ8q0JFYAJFFkjcqZ5x7gxmgrJoEEq90dw/s1600/Fig+41.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI8pxV-IgE-J06d_MgAHdy7Ny5d4Zv62LMpI7XgD9SOddqxY1s1ExCsGRpTLRbX5JVq_zG1bg4klcjJEPS8pmqGhOOsSYB-T95UUx9Ip21rTZ8q0JFYAJFFkjcqZ5x7gxmgrJoEEq90dw/s1600/Fig+41.png" /></a></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: magenta;">The third time his motion gesture is </span><span style="color: red;">mimed</span><span style="color: magenta;"> in fact concurs with language (Fig. 42). </span></blockquote>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHqc3jdq5lZ5tih_hzvbQPvFoxZeXcVmV6iYZ_u0jl3ABADyx41Z4Ar_gO7o_i4tV7CMvMa7zgt9I3XftgTfX6-RP-PhjrndWD95QrpjPAVIsUR7-cWNctGmwlUDG795JNdppp9wQhvmo/s1600/Fig+42.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHqc3jdq5lZ5tih_hzvbQPvFoxZeXcVmV6iYZ_u0jl3ABADyx41Z4Ar_gO7o_i4tV7CMvMa7zgt9I3XftgTfX6-RP-PhjrndWD95QrpjPAVIsUR7-cWNctGmwlUDG795JNdppp9wQhvmo/s1600/Fig+42.png" /></a></blockquote>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
As we can see, <span style="color: red;">the two miming segments are heavily co-textualised by language</span> that makes explicit what is going on. The orientation to the narrative introduces the recurrent problem of someone following the vlogger in a parking lot and waiting for her to leave. <span style="color: #45818e;">The </span><span style="color: red;">miming</span><span style="color: #45818e;"> segments are themselves introduced with the incomplete tone group // <i>he was like... </i>//, with a missing tonic segment.</span> The vlogger then <span style="color: red;">mimes</span> the expected information, before making it linguistically explicit in a tone group converging with the third iteration of the gesture.</blockquote>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Setting aside pantomime (the <span class="s1">‘</span>art of silence<span class="s1">’ </span>Marcel Marceau referred to it),</span> <span style="color: #cc0000;">we can predict that co-textualisation of this kind is a generalisable pattern as far as semovergent paralanguage in the absence of language is concerned.</span> <span style="color: #e69138;">What the moment of </span><span style="color: red;">mime</span><span style="color: #e69138;"> does not provide as far as language is concerned, the immediately preceding and following co-text does provide. So the convergent nature of semovergent paralanguage is clear.</span></blockquote>
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<b><u>Blogger Comments</u></b>:</div>
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<span style="color: #e06666;">[1]</span> This is misleading, and motivated by the authors' desire to match data to theory — their claim that the tone group <span style="text-align: justify;">provides an essential unit of analysis for work on paralanguage</span> — rather than to use data to encode theory, and theory to decode data. To be clear, there are two miming segments where <i style="font-weight: bold;">language</i> might have been. That is, the authors could just as easily have said there are two miming segments where <i style="font-weight: bold;">clauses</i> might have been, but this would not have matched their hypothesis.<br />
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<span style="color: red;">[2]</span> To be clear, the authors have previously (p21) defined mime as semiosis that does <b><i>not</i></b> accompany language:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
In terms of our model mime is semovergent paralanguage that does not accompany language, an apparent contradiction in terms.</blockquote>
Nevertheless, here they present mime as semiosis that <b><i>does</i></b> accompany language.</div>
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<span style="color: #a64d79;">[3]</span> To be clear, the vlogger mimes the <b>body language</b> of <span style="text-align: justify;">her <b>non-speaking</b> "parking spot assailant". In doing so, on Cléirigh's original model, she deploys epilinguistic body language ("semovergent paralanguage") to mime the <b><i>protolinguistic</i></b> body language of the frustrated motorist. This is analogous to deploying pictorial epilanguage to represent protolanguage. That is, contrary to the authors' claim, the body language of the motorist is neither paralanguage nor semovergent.</span></div>
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<span style="color: magenta;">[4]</span> To be clear, on Cléirigh's original model, the vlogger, through her arm gestures, deploys epilinguistic body language ("semovergent paralanguage") in miming the epilinguistic body language of the frustrated motorist. And simultaneously, through her facial expressions, she again deploys epilinguistic body language ("semovergent paralanguage") in miming the <b><i>protolinguistic</i></b> body language of the frustrated motorist.</div>
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<span style="color: #45818e;">[5]</span> To be clear, unknown to the authors, this instance of language presents the meaning of the body language that immediately follows as the focus of New information.</div>
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<span style="color: #3d85c6;">[6]</span> <i>"Oh no it isn't!"</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Marceau" target="_blank"><span style="text-align: justify;">It was <b><i>mime</i></b> that Marcel Marceau</span> referred to as the "art of silence"</a>, not pantomime. (Ordinarily, contrary to Kendon's use of the term, 'pantomime' refers to a type of musical comedy staged for family entertainment, especially around Christmas / New Year.)</div>
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<span style="color: #cc0000;">[7]</span> To be clear, here the authors claim that the "co-textualisation" of mime <b>by language</b> is what happens in the <b>absence</b> of language.<br />
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<span style="color: #e69138;">[8]</span> Here the authors argue that the meanings <b><i>not</i></b> provided by mime "converge" with the meanings provided by language. That is, the <b><i>absence</i></b> <b>of meaning</b> "converges" with <b>meaning</b>.</div>
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</style>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738843769534314175.post-78971583482843190492019-03-06T00:00:00.001+11:002020-12-10T09:51:27.915+11:00The Notion That Semovergence Implies Sonovergence<span style="text-align: justify;">Martin & Zappavigna (2019: 20-1):</span><br />
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<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #cc0000;">It is probably safe to say that whenever semovergent paralanguage is deployed, it will be coordinated with </span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">TONALITY</span>, <span style="font-size: x-small;">TONICITY</span> and <span style="font-size: x-small;">RHYTHM</span></span><span style="color: #cc0000;">; this is tantamount to arguing that semovergence implies sonovergence.</span> <span style="color: magenta;">Sonovergent paralanguage on the other hand can be deployed without semovergence, through gestures in tune with or in sync with prosodic phonology (but no more).</span></blockquote>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
An important exception to these principles is what is commonly referred to as mime. <span style="color: red;">In terms of our model mime is semovergent paralanguage that does not accompany language</span>, an apparent contradiction in terms.</blockquote>
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<b><u>Blogger Comments</u></b>:</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #cc0000;">[1]</span> To be clear, the authors have provided no evidence in support of this bare assertion, as the posts on <a href="https://sflparalanguage.blogspot.com/search/label/semovergent%20paralanguage" target="_blank">semovergent paralanguage</a> on this blog demonstrate. This is merely a reassertion of their earlier claim (p3):</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
We will in fact suggest that SFL’s tone group, analysed for rhythm and tone, provides an essential unit of analysis for work on paralanguage as far as questions of synchronicity across modalities are concerned.</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: magenta;">[2]</span> As previously explained, "sonovergent" paralanguage (Cléirigh's linguistic body language) is the direct <b><i>opposite</i></b> of "sonovergent" because the expression plane is where it <b><i>differs</i></b> from language. The reason Cléirigh called it <b>linguistic</b> body language is because it realises the <b>same content</b> as prosodic phonology.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;">[3]</span> Here the authors present Cléirigh's theorising as an observation made in terms of "their" model. Cf. Cléirigh's original definition of epilinguistic body language ("semovergent" paralanguage):</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
These are body language systems which, like pictorial systems, are <i>made possible</i> by the transition into language, but which are not systematically related to the lexicogrammar of language. When used in the absence of spoken language, this type of body language is called <i>mime</i>, and it is <i>mimetic</i> in this sense.</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism" target="_blank">Plagiarism is the "wrongful appropriation" and "stealing and publication" of another author's "language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions" and the representation of them as one's own original work.</a></div>
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</style>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738843769534314175.post-25088707689196639822019-03-05T00:00:00.001+11:002020-12-10T09:51:43.238+11:00Multiple Dimensions Of Paralanguage Converging On The Same Tone Group<span style="text-align: justify;">Martin & Zappavigna (2019: 20, 16):</span><br />
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<div class="p1">
<blockquote style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">Although presented as a simple taxonomy, all five subtypes of paralanguage can combine with one another</span> <span style="color: #a64d79;">in support of a single tone group</span> (Fig. 38). </blockquote>
<blockquote style="text-align: justify;">
Several examples of multiple dimensions of paralanguage <span style="color: #a64d79;">converging on the same tone group</span> were in fact presented above (<span style="color: red;">for example, the combination of motion towards the future and pointing deixis in Example (19) of section “representation (ideational semovergent paralanguage)”</span>)<span class="s4">.</span> </blockquote>
<blockquote style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRkeTFzXkotUTreNZR5Z23C23RCURYgvtUpEF10Nqk_CCPUucOmpAzJkB57uKP46r3eYnIWsbma9SQdIsC9vGQ_EwTzoKyE5xQtukabcKSc4jIwzSDpksz2eazYKRCeQv8i0AQnj89NDg/s1600/Fig+23.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRkeTFzXkotUTreNZR5Z23C23RCURYgvtUpEF10Nqk_CCPUucOmpAzJkB57uKP46r3eYnIWsbma9SQdIsC9vGQ_EwTzoKyE5xQtukabcKSc4jIwzSDpksz2eazYKRCeQv8i0AQnj89NDg/s1600/Fig+23.png" /></a></span></blockquote>
<br />
<b><u>Blogger Comments</u></b>:<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">[1]</span> To be clear, this is Cléirigh's original model misleadingly presented as if it is a claim of the authors.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #a64d79;">[2]</span> As previous posts have demonstrated, this is <b><i>not</i></b> true of epilinguistic body language ("semovergent paralanguage"), which can be instantiated with or without language. The authors have tried to mislead the reader, in this regard, by simply presenting all the text accompanying body language with tone group boundaries (//).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;">[3]</span> For the misunderstandings and misrepresentations involved in the authors' analysis of this instance, see the two previous posts:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://sflparalanguage.blogspot.com/2019/02/gestural-motion-supporting-direction-in.html" target="_blank">Gestural Motion "Supporting" Direction In Space Or Time</a></li>
<li><a href="https://sflparalanguage.blogspot.com/2019/03/introducing-and-tracking-entities.html" target="_blank">Introducing And Tracking Entities Through Finger Pointing</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738843769534314175.post-54426065694256465972019-03-04T00:00:00.001+11:002020-12-10T09:52:01.248+11:00Taxonomy Of Sonovergent And Semovergent Paralanguage<style type="text/css">
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</style><div class="p1"><div style="text-align: justify;">Martin & Zappavigna (2019: 20, 24):</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Multidimensionality (multiplying meaning)</b></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="p2">
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
The sonovergent and semovergent paralinguistic systems discussed thus far are outlined in Fig. 38 (including cross-references to Cléirigh<span class="s2">’</span>s original terminology).</blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEbrCdPL9GTTRDb2NlD03w7nKn96VDwOnogwUhAxKv4wmZBqfZByOt4YqY9t54s583bSdDZihX2zi95jxhXGuVGp1KOVdMvjnCL_ODWy89kt6M_53kYBvEm0WKTDhTruzzUmH63v5-zbU/s1600/Fig+38.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEbrCdPL9GTTRDb2NlD03w7nKn96VDwOnogwUhAxKv4wmZBqfZByOt4YqY9t54s583bSdDZihX2zi95jxhXGuVGp1KOVdMvjnCL_ODWy89kt6M_53kYBvEm0WKTDhTruzzUmH63v5-zbU/s1600/Fig+38.png" /></a></blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u>Blogger Comments</u></b>:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
This is potentially misleading. To be clear, this taxonomy simply represents Cléirigh's original model with:</div>
<ol>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>body</b> language rebranded as <b>para</b>language,</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>linguistic</b> (body language) rebranded as <b>sonovergent</b> (paralanguage),</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>epilinguistic</b> (body language) rebranded as <b>semovergent</b> (paralanguage), and</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>protolinguistic</b> (body language) omitted altogether.</li>
</ol>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
However, as demonstrated in previous posts, the authors seriously misunderstand and misapply the model they are rebranding here as their own.</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738843769534314175.post-51796273727357642962019-03-03T00:00:00.002+11:002020-12-10T09:52:35.585+11:00The Semovergent Paralanguage Of PERIODICITY<div style="text-align: justify;">
Martin & Zappavigna (2019: 19-20, 22-3):</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #674ea7;">As noted in sections “Sonovergent paralanguage and Information flow (textual semovergent paralanguage)” above however the vlogger does end the episode with a contrasting high then lowered pitch (Fig. 35). The higher pitch penultimate tone group begins rhythmically speaking with a handclap foot and then a foot comprising the ‘filler’ / um /. </span></blockquote>
<div class="p1">
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #674ea7;">This is followed by the low pitch tone group; the vlogger is winding down. Following this there is a suspension of both language and paralanguage as her the vlogger<span class="s1">’</span>s eyes shut and her head slumps forward (Fig. 36).</span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #45818e;">The preceding episode to the one we are using to explore sonovergence here ends in a similar way (lowered pitch, with eyes shut, head down) (Fig. 37).</span> <span style="color: red;">So shutting down language and paralanguage and handing over to somasis is clearly a strategy for punctuating longer waves of discourse.</span> It is at these points that the vlogger cuts from one filmic segment to the next (as she thinks of something more to say).</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<img border="0" height="137" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvJbCSr_i4ZOC8NRSJX9KfdgTIaNdom31ltjiHHjBYC_nGfstRWCtCZu-Ldkm24Zg7r_h0Zzo5J_iIzyce9-gCS5seWoixJU53Ofm_O5_FmU_3oxo8R-9CdclVjdOVFlr-O4iA8ql2p7s/s400/Fig+35.png" width="400" /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXlgnXNsywPbsYTDK8WcX0zm9Hd_axMmbR9YwATsKIBqajg6lADjqjKY9WmNV46SgSJUj3AfbIhG_OJNgu3Xw9MzFtGaLTlgyWmvKJHe2gkMRozRodS1HKi0bUzEDEbxftSAjgCyIKbSI/s1600/Fig+36.png"><img border="0" height="157" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXlgnXNsywPbsYTDK8WcX0zm9Hd_axMmbR9YwATsKIBqajg6lADjqjKY9WmNV46SgSJUj3AfbIhG_OJNgu3Xw9MzFtGaLTlgyWmvKJHe2gkMRozRodS1HKi0bUzEDEbxftSAjgCyIKbSI/s400/Fig+36.png" width="400" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4fcOnczaZ-rv8MVC2SbYcy-C5W2eFDkbR2v8EyaaJ3DrGlzlOPjhs6UY6VoqZEDx8mUbtsRfpsls2TSrggnBdHyuH8bj1lu5ZaQgDoVTCXq8lrfxGIGcR7-XMeiUXC7h4R8QHFA1v9Jc/s1600/Fig+37.png"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4fcOnczaZ-rv8MVC2SbYcy-C5W2eFDkbR2v8EyaaJ3DrGlzlOPjhs6UY6VoqZEDx8mUbtsRfpsls2TSrggnBdHyuH8bj1lu5ZaQgDoVTCXq8lrfxGIGcR7-XMeiUXC7h4R8QHFA1v9Jc/s400/Fig+37.png" width="400" /></a></blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u>Blogger Comments</u></b>:</div>
<div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #674ea7;">[1]</span> As previously explained <a href="https://sflparalanguage.blogspot.com/2019/02/mistaking-language-intonation-for.html" target="_blank">here</a>, in this instance, the authors mistook a (misanalysed) sequence of tones (language) as voice quality (paralanguage). On Cléirigh's original model, any gestures consistent with the tone choices are instances of linguistic body language ("sonovergent" paralanguage), not epilinguistic body language ("semovergent" paralanguage), the concern of the present discussion.</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #45818e;">[2]</span> Here again, as above, the authors mistake a tone choice for paralanguage, and mistake the "sonovergent" gestures that are "in tune" with the pitch movement as "semovergent".</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;">[3]</span> The unarguable claim here is that <b>ending discourse</b> ('shutting down language and paralanguage and handing over to somasis') is one way ('strategy') of <b>ending discourse</b> ('punctuating longer waves of discourse').</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
∞</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-align: start;">More to the point, the authors are here claiming to present paralinguistic examples of "longer waves of discourse". In Martin & Rose (2007: 187-218), these are modelled in terms of:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<ul>
<li>macro-Theme (introductory paragraph),</li>
<li>hyper-Theme (topic sentence),</li>
<li>hyper-New (paragraph summary), and</li>
<li>macro-New (text summary).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-align: start;">To be clear, the authors have <b><i>not</i></b> identified any of the above in the text, and have <b><i>not</i></b> identified any semovergent paralanguage "in sync" with them. Instead, the authors have merely mistaken intonation as paralanguage, and interpreted the <b>unmarked tone for declaratives</b>, tone 1 (and accompanying gestures) as "punctuating" a longer (unnamed) wave of discourse, while ignoring all the other instances of tone 1 (and accompanying gestures) at "non-punctuating" points in the discourse.</span><br />
<span style="text-align: start;"><br /></span>
<span style="text-align: start;">Again, the authors have tried to fit the data to their theory, instead of using theory to account for data.</span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738843769534314175.post-18651709649486611882019-03-02T00:00:00.001+11:002020-12-10T09:53:15.223+11:00The Claim That Units Of Speech Rhythm Realise Elements Of Writing Pedagogy<div style="text-align: justify;">
Martin & Zappavigna (2019: 19-20, 22-3):</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
As far as longer wave lengths of information flow are concerned,²³ our vlogger is seated and so whole body movement from one location to another is not a factor (as it would be for example for a lecturer roaming to and fro across a stage; cf. Hood 2011).</blockquote>
<div class="p1">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="p1">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
²³ van Leeuwen (1985, 1992) and Martinec (2002) argue that SFL<span class="s3">’</span>s phonological hierarchy can be pushed up several wave lengths beyond the tone group <span style="color: red;">and their work suggests that higher level rhythm would </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">converge</span><span style="color: red;"> with higher level periodicity in Martin's framework.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u>Blogger Comments</u></b>:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
To be clear, the claim here is that proposed higher level <b>phonological</b> units "<b>converge</b>" with Martin's <b>discourse semantic</b> functions of macro-Theme, hyper-Theme, hyper-New and macro-New. There are several obvious theoretical inconsistencies here.<br />
<br />
The over-arching inconsistency is that the authors are proposing that patterns of <b>speech</b> rhythm correspond to <b>pedagogical suggestions</b> on how to <b>write</b>. This is because Martin's four discourse semantic functions are actually rebrandings of introductory paragraph, topic sentence, paragraph summary and text summary, as previously explained.<br />
<br />
A second inconsistency is that speech rhythm can only identify potential <b>New</b> information, and bears no systematic relation to <b>thematicity</b>.<br />
<br />
A third inconsistency is that the use of gesture to realise New information is linguistic body language ("sonovergent" paralanguage), not epilinguistic body language ("semovergent" paralanguage).<br />
<br />
A fourth inconsistency is the matching of <b>structural units</b> (wavelengths beyond the tone group) with <b>elements of structure</b> (Themes and News).<br />
<br />
A fifth inconsistency, in the authors' own terms, is the use of their term for a relation between the <b>same stratum</b> of <b>different</b> semiotic systems, <b>converge</b>, for an <b>interstratal</b> relation <b>within</b> language.</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738843769534314175.post-60335257306818391252019-03-01T00:00:00.001+11:002020-12-10T09:53:41.055+11:00Introducing And Tracking Entities Through Finger Pointing<style type="text/css">
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</style><div class="p1"><span style="text-align: justify;">Martin & Zappavigna (2019: 19, 21-2):</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;">As far as pointing deixis is concerned</span> we can return to the examples contrasting past and future in sections “Sonovergent paralanguage" and "Representation (ideational semovergent paralanguage)” above. <span style="color: red;">Alongside motioning to the past the vlogger’s hand points there. And alongside motioning to the future both the vlogger’s index fingers point there</span> (Figs. 33 and <span style="color: magenta;">34</span>).</blockquote>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQdpw7JFAi9sWp-GOSWsxUe2Ai7QSC4OC-idorjuwps_ZNxBI2eJ256TpeWFX0_d4Th8yx8_F7X57spwxtDclkRuKmOfvcH6zBKPPj8tqYQuVWdOpEzKfw-pVEbPPyqhBaBsYStQCS7Vo/s1600/Fig+33.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQdpw7JFAi9sWp-GOSWsxUe2Ai7QSC4OC-idorjuwps_ZNxBI2eJ256TpeWFX0_d4Th8yx8_F7X57spwxtDclkRuKmOfvcH6zBKPPj8tqYQuVWdOpEzKfw-pVEbPPyqhBaBsYStQCS7Vo/s1600/Fig+33.png" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyQPr17fwH7H_8atQRSYteL0-d1Sdth6zyPZTWkoRF-3mxo-rx_IOQ60S4RQVLmPwBillElCZiG6vONA6jIEKCLWC7cLP_XEtNo924Scxlaio5ABbp0VewHzQte4H91S-q8ZuFPWKrPOI/s1600/Fig+34.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyQPr17fwH7H_8atQRSYteL0-d1Sdth6zyPZTWkoRF-3mxo-rx_IOQ60S4RQVLmPwBillElCZiG6vONA6jIEKCLWC7cLP_XEtNo924Scxlaio5ABbp0VewHzQte4H91S-q8ZuFPWKrPOI/s1600/Fig+34.png" /></a> </blockquote>
<br />
<b><u>Blogger Comments</u></b>:<br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;">[1]</span> To be clear, the authors' claim (ibid.) is that:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
From a textual perspective we need to take into account how spoken language introduces entities and keeps track of them once there (<span style="font-size: x-small;">IDENTIFICATION</span>) …</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Clearly, because 'past' and 'future' are temporal locations, they are not entities, and pointing gestures do not introduce them as entities, nor keep track of them through the discourse. This is another instance of the authors misrepresenting the data to fit their theory.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Note also that the unit of <span style="font-size: x-small;">IDENTIFICATION</span> in Martin (1992) and Martin & Rose (2007) is <b>participant</b>, <b><i>not</i></b> entity.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: magenta;">[2]</span> Once again the authors present a tone group that is not analysed for tone or for foot boundaries, and wrongly analysed for tonicity (the tonic falls on <i>next</i>, not <i>time</i>).</div>
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</style>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738843769534314175.post-14209180950771940872019-02-28T00:00:00.001+11:002020-12-10T09:54:09.624+11:00Textual Semovergent Paralanguage<style type="text/css">
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</style><div class="p1"><div style="text-align: justify;">Martin & Zappavigna (2019: 19, <span style="font-size: x-small;">30</span>):</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i>Information flow (textual semovergent paralanguage)</i></b></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="p2">
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
From a textual perspective²² <span style="color: #a64d79;">we need to take into account how spoken language introduces entities and keeps track of them once there (</span><span style="color: #a64d79; font-size: x-small;">IDENTIFICATION</span><span style="color: #a64d79;">)</span> <span style="color: magenta;">and how it composes waves of information in tone groups,</span> <span style="color: red;">clauses and beyond (</span><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">PERIODICITY</span><span style="color: red;">).</span> <span style="color: red;">Semovergent paralanguage potentially supports these resources with pointing gestures and whole body movement and position.</span></blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="p1">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
²²<span class="s1"> </span>Martinec (1998) interprets textual meaning as realised through cohesion, following Halliday and Hasan (1976); <span style="color: #e06666;">here we follow Martin (1992) who reinterprets cohesion as discourse semantics, organised metafunctionally</span> in Martin and Rose (2007) as ideational resources (<span class="s3" style="color: #45818e; font-size: x-small;">IDEATION</span>, <span class="s3" style="color: #6aa84f; font-size: x-small;">CONNEXION</span>), interpersonal resources (<span class="s3" style="color: #3d85c6; font-size: x-small;">NEGOTIATION</span>, <span style="font-size: x-small;">APPRAISAL</span>) and textual resources (<span style="color: #a64d79; font-size: x-small;">IDENTIFICATION</span><span class="s4">, </span><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;">PERIODICITY</span>).</blockquote>
</div>
<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u>Blogger Comments</u></b>:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="color: #a64d79;">[1]</span> To be clear, despite this claim, it will be seen that the authors provide <b><i>no</i></b> instances of semovergent paralanguage in this paper that either <b>introduce entities</b> or <b>keep track of them</b>.<br />
<br />
Moreover, <span style="font-size: x-small;">IDENTIFICATION</span><span style="color: #a64d79; font-size: x-small;"> </span>is Martin's rebranding of Halliday and Hasan's (1976) <b>grammatical</b> cohesive systems of <span style="font-size: x-small;">REFERENCE</span> and <span style="font-size: x-small;">ELLIPSIS-&-SUBSTITUTION</span>, misunderstood, confused with ideational denotation and the interpersonal <span style="font-size: x-small;">DEIXIS</span> of nominal group structure, and relocated to discourse semantics; evidence <a href="http://discourse-semantics.blogspot.com/search/label/chapter%203%3A%20identification" target="_blank">here</a>.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: magenta;">[2]</span> To be clear, on the one hand, this confuses <b>content</b> (information) with <b>expression</b> (tone group), following Martin (1992: 384). On the other hand, on Cléirigh's original model, any aspect of body language that highlights the focus of New information, or delineates a unit of information, functions as <b>linguistic</b> body language ("sonovergent" paralanguage), <b><i>not</i></b> <b>epilinguistic</b> body language ("semovergent" paralanguage).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="color: red;">[3]</span> To be clear, <span style="font-size: x-small;">PERIODICITY</span> is Martin and Rose's (2003, 2007) reinterpretation of what Martin (1992: 393) models as <b>interstratal</b> interaction patterns as a textual systems of Martin's discourse semantic stratum. However, Martin's model misrepresents <b><i>writing</i> pedagogy</b> as <b>linguistic theory</b>, such that:<br />
<ul>
<li><b>introductory paragraph</b> is rebranded as macro-Theme,</li>
<li><b>topic sentence</b> is rebranded as hyper-Theme,</li>
<li><b>paragraph summary</b> is rebranded as hyper-New, and</li>
<li><b>text summary</b> is rebranded as macro-New.</li>
</ul>
It will be seen that, unsurprisingly, the authors provide <b><i>no</i></b> instances of semovergent paralanguage in this paper that 'compose waves of information', let alone gestural realisations of introductory paragraphs, topic sentences, paragraph summaries or text summaries.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #e06666;">[4]</span> To be clear, here Martin and his former student follow Martin (1992) in rebranding misunderstandings Halliday & Hasan's (1976) non-structural <b>textual</b> systems of <b>lexicogrammar</b> as structural discourse <b>semantic</b> systems across three metafunctions.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #45818e;">[5]</span> To be clear, <span style="font-size: x-small;">IDEATION</span><span style="color: #a64d79; font-size: x-small;"> </span>is Martin's rebranding of Halliday and Hasan's (1976) <b>textual</b> system of <span style="font-size: x-small;">LEXICAL COHESION</span>, misunderstood, confused with <b>logical</b> relations between <b>experiential</b> elements of nominal group structure, also misunderstood, and relocated to discourse semantics as an <b>experiential</b> system; evidence <a href="http://discourse-semantics.blogspot.com/search/label/chapter%205%3A%20ideation" target="_blank">here</a>.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #6aa84f;">[6]</span> To be clear, <span style="font-size: x-small;">CONNEXION</span> does not feature in Martin and Rose (2007), or in Martin (1992). The term '<span style="font-size: x-small;">CONNEXION</span>' is a rebranding of Martin's <span style="font-size: x-small;">CONJUNCTION</span> by Martin's former student, Hao. <span style="font-size: x-small;">CONJUNCTION</span> is Martin's misunderstanding of Halliday and Hasan's (1976) <b>textual</b> lexicogrammatical system of cohesive conjunction as a <b>logical</b> system at the level of discourse semantics. Moreover, it confuses non-structural textual relations with structural logical relations, and misunderstands and misapplies the expansion relations involved; evidence <a href="http://discourse-semantics.blogspot.com/search/label/chapter%204%3A%20conjunction%20%26%20continuity" target="_blank">here</a>.<br />
<br />
That is to say, <span style="font-size: x-small;">CONJUNCTION </span>was the only one of Halliday and Hasan's cohesive systems that Martin neglected to rebrand as his own system, and this oversight was finally addressed by his former student.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;">[7]</span> To be clear, <span style="font-size: x-small;">NEGOTIATION</span><span style="color: #a64d79; font-size: x-small;"> </span>is Martin's (1992) rebranding of Halliday's <span style="font-size: x-small;">SPEECH FUNCTION</span>.</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738843769534314175.post-2325702444901181272019-02-27T00:00:00.001+11:002020-12-10T09:54:25.231+11:00The Need For A Metalanguage For Facial Expression<div class="p1">
<div style="margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Martin & Zappavigna (2019: 18, <span style="font-size: x-small;">29</span>):</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
Further work on this interpersonal aural dimension of paralanguage, drawing on van Leeuwen 1999, is beyond the scope of our current research.²¹ </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
²¹ <span style="color: red;">We also need to acknowledge that a metalanguage for facial expression</span><span style="color: magenta;">, </span><span style="color: red;">in some sense comparable in specificity to SFL work on attitude in the <span style="font-size: x-small;">APPRAISAL</span> framework,</span> <span style="color: red;">remains to be developed.</span></blockquote>
<div style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; text-align: justify;">
<div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; text-align: justify;">
<div style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm;">
<b><u>Blogger Comments</u></b>:<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
To be clear, in Cléirigh's original model of body language, facial expressions can function:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<ol>
<li>protolinguistically (e.g. realising emotions), </li>
<li>linguistically (e.g. realising features of <span style="font-size: x-small;">KEY</span>), or </li>
<li>epilinguistically (e.g. realising 'uncertain' <span style="font-size: x-small;">MODALITY</span>). </li>
</ol>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The authors (p29), however, have dismissed the notion of protolinguistic body language, on a misunderstanding, as previously demonstrated <a href="https://sflparalanguage.blogspot.com/2019/01/misunderstanding-and-misrepresenting.html">here</a>, and reinterpreted it as either non-semiotic behaviour ("somasis") — which they nevertheless interpret as if semiotic — or as interpersonal epilinguistic body language ("semovergent" paralanguage).</div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738843769534314175.post-66331469526857482772019-02-26T00:00:00.001+11:002020-12-10T09:54:47.201+11:00Mistaking Language (Intonation) For Paralanguage (Voice Quality)<style type="text/css">
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</style><div class="p1"><span style="text-align: justify;">Martin & Zappavigna (2019: 18):</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;">Voice quality was noted in section “Sonovergent paralanguage” above in relation to the sing/song pitch (high then low) movement the vlogger uses in her last four tone groups to close down her hair dye narrative.</span> <span style="color: magenta;">From the perspective of <span style="font-size: x-small;">APPRAISAL</span> the sound quality resonates with her resignation.</span> Further work on <span style="color: red;">this interpersonal aural dimension of paralanguage</span>, drawing on van Leeuwen 1999, <span style="color: red;">is beyond the scope of our current research.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u>Blogger Comments</u></b>:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;">[1]</span> Here the authors mistake <b>prosodic</b> features (the <span style="font-size: x-small;">TONE</span> sequence 3^13^3^1–) for a <b>paralinguistic</b> feature ("sing/song" voice quality). Halliday (1985: 30-1) explains the difference as follows:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8gkNJo2I2ie9z1xKVv_zTRzgX4vc9EL1ie0_7LvEa2Bp-tdewCWGdyw8oss4inWLFXxwtdm5sDEtoDYDveaWhTk6hyFejje1ufICNnzLQASw_LuOVOiSmkMlYJQtS63oh00n2aGW_fTM/s1600/1.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8gkNJo2I2ie9z1xKVv_zTRzgX4vc9EL1ie0_7LvEa2Bp-tdewCWGdyw8oss4inWLFXxwtdm5sDEtoDYDveaWhTk6hyFejje1ufICNnzLQASw_LuOVOiSmkMlYJQtS63oh00n2aGW_fTM/s1600/1.png" /></a> </div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX-6Og_3FA4H8sXfjbsTi-IvdWn47PlNctqOgCpd0378g8vPbuxLWdqiQCfYK9vjsQNV0JsgBB4uSQIVEYu8noTTYJ1E6tZD2a_BYIWgpurxtykdH2xvBpn3mtsLVxHIPJx49NuYLD-w4/s1600/2.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX-6Og_3FA4H8sXfjbsTi-IvdWn47PlNctqOgCpd0378g8vPbuxLWdqiQCfYK9vjsQNV0JsgBB4uSQIVEYu8noTTYJ1E6tZD2a_BYIWgpurxtykdH2xvBpn3mtsLVxHIPJx49NuYLD-w4/s1600/2.png" /></a></div>
</blockquote>
<div>
Moreover, if what the authors regard as "sing/song" pitch:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: small;">//3 hopefully / next ↑time I will </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: small;">//1 get my / ↓hair colour / back </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: small;">//3 um / but for / ↑now </span><br />
//3 this will / ↓do //</blockquote>
is compared with an accurate phonological analysis:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: small;">//3 hopefully / </span><b style="font-family: times;">next</b><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: small;"> time I will</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: small;">//<span style="color: #cc0000;">13</span> get my / </span><b style="font-family: times;">hair</b><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: small;"> colour / </span><b style="font-family: times;">back</b><br />
<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: small;">//3 um /but for / </span><b style="font-family: times;">now</b><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: small;">//<span style="color: #cc0000;">1-</span> this will / </span><b style="font-family: times;">do</b><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: small;"> //</span></blockquote>
It can be seen that:<br />
<ul>
<li>the first <span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: small;"><span style="color: blue;">↑</span></span> corresponds to the low-<span style="color: blue;">rising</span> pitch of tone <span style="color: blue;">3</span>,</li>
<li>the first <span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: small;"><span style="color: purple;">↓</span></span> corresponds to the <span style="color: purple;">falling</span> pitch of tone <span style="color: purple;">1</span>,</li>
<li>the second <span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: small;"><span style="color: blue;">↑</span></span> corresponds to the low-<span style="color: blue;">rising</span> pitch of tone <span style="color: blue;">3</span>, and</li>
<li>the second <span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: small;"><span style="color: purple;">↓</span></span> corresponds to the narrow <span style="color: purple;">falling</span> pitch of tone <span style="color: purple;">1–</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: magenta;">[2]</span> To be clear, it is only the <b><i>final</i></b> <span style="font-size: x-small;">TONE</span> selection, <b>tone 1–</b>, that coincides with the <span style="font-size: x-small;">APPRAISAL</span> that the authors interpret as 'resignation' (<i>this will do</i>). In SFL theory, the selection of tone 1– with declarative <span style="font-size: x-small;">MOOD</span> realises the <span style="font-size: x-small;">KEY</span> features 'mild or expected'. Halliday (1970: 31):</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Meaning of secondary tones</b> In some cases the difference between a pair, or set, of secondary tones is mainly a matter of 'key', the degree of forcefulness or emotional intensity of the utterance. …</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
1. (medium), neutral; 1+ (wide), strong or unexpected; 1– (narrow), mild or expected.</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
On this basis, what the authors regard as <b>voice quality</b> "resonating" with '<b>resignation</b>' is, in the authors' terms — though unknown to them — actually an instance of a <b>secondary tone</b> realising a feature of <span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>GRADUATION</b></span>.</div>
</div>
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</style>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6738843769534314175.post-53485060685221915062019-02-25T00:00:00.001+11:002020-12-10T09:55:04.982+11:00The Semovergent Paralanguage Of ENGAGEMENT<div style="text-align: justify;">
Martin & Zappavigna (2019: 18, 20, 21):</div>
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Turning to <span style="font-size: x-small;">ENGAGEMENT</span>, Hood notes the significance of hand position as far as supporting the expansion and contraction of heteroglossia is concerned – with supine hands opening up dialogism and prone hands closing it down. <span style="color: magenta;">In the following example the vlogger’s supine hands converge with the modalisation <i>probably</i>, reinforcing acknowledgement of the viewers voice </span>(Fig. 31)<span style="color: magenta;">.</span></blockquote>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOF35i27R7n35RkDxY5CO1PdyHRH3qdGPpc6PbdPgmiBTYq0vVpVjvHZSBX0TiStukvoQQphgouxeLE0aVfIyCF8ec9L8qfpJWeZp-PfHaOqyDovjaMv9ibeur0XOd9tRIChniGZB7vpU/s1600/Fig+31.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOF35i27R7n35RkDxY5CO1PdyHRH3qdGPpc6PbdPgmiBTYq0vVpVjvHZSBX0TiStukvoQQphgouxeLE0aVfIyCF8ec9L8qfpJWeZp-PfHaOqyDovjaMv9ibeur0XOd9tRIChniGZB7vpU/s1600/Fig+31.png" /></a> </blockquote>
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<span style="color: red;">Two moves later the hands flip over to prone position in support of the negative move shutting down the expectation that the vlogger was in control of the new colour of her hair </span>(Fig. 32).</blockquote>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhgJk1QRMz7WTL6ZWWnu5OTbHWhNYEkiP0bGWo0SYZQSE-VocEoFeVuvdVQ1yjL0QXRJPTyYHXkanK5rjWpPoh0EvW1-lmBHpkn7QUVO0kGTqIHA4N9Mc-jDeff0bPosuqhuuPizeiZB0/s1600/Fig+32.png"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhgJk1QRMz7WTL6ZWWnu5OTbHWhNYEkiP0bGWo0SYZQSE-VocEoFeVuvdVQ1yjL0QXRJPTyYHXkanK5rjWpPoh0EvW1-lmBHpkn7QUVO0kGTqIHA4N9Mc-jDeff0bPosuqhuuPizeiZB0/s1600/Fig+32.png" /></a></blockquote>
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<b><u>Blogger Comments</u></b>:<br />
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<span style="color: magenta;">[1]</span> This is misleading; the speaker's handshape does <b><i>not</i></b> "converge" with modalisation <i>probably</i>. To be clear, the speaker's handshape is timed with the <b>tonic</b> <i>hair</i>. The timing of the gesture thus instantiates <b>textual</b> <b>linguistic</b> body language ("sonovergent" paralanguage), highlighting <i>hair</i> as the <b>focus</b> of New information. On this basis, the handshape instantiates <b>ideational</b> epilinguistic body language ("semovergent" paralanguage), realising <i>hair</i>.</div>
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In this first instance, the authors have again tried to make the data fit their theory, instead of using the data as a resource for theorising.</div>
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<span style="color: red;">[2]</span> This is misleading; the speaker's hands are <b><i>not</i></b> in a prone position — lying flat, palm downwards — in this instance. Instead, each hand has the tips of the thumb and curved forefinger touching to form a horizontal circle, with the other fingers below them and similarly curved. This handshape is consistent with holding an object, such as a bottle of hair dye, which would be an instance of <b>ideational</b> epilinguistic body language ("semovergent" paralanguage).</div>
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In this second instance, the authors have again tried to make the data fit their theory, instead of using the data as a resource for theorising.</div>
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As in the first instance above, the gestures also realise the meanings of linguistic body language ("sonovergent" paralanguage). In terms of the textual metafunction, both hands beat down on the salient syllables <i>not</i> and<i> find</i>, highlighting both Finite and Predicator, and then on the tonic <i>hair</i>, marking the Complement <i>hair dye</i> as the focus of New information. In terms of the interpersonal metafunction, both hands stay <b>level</b> for the tonic segment (<i>hair dye that I</i>), in line with the level/low-rising tone choice (tone 3). (Note that this tone group is incorrectly analysed as tone 4 by Smith, which, with declarative <span style="font-size: x-small;">MOOD</span>, would realise the <span style="font-size: x-small;">KEY</span> meaning 'reservation'.)</div>
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Lastly, the reader may also want to consider <b>why</b> the speaker would need to shut down the possibility of other points of view on the proposition <i>I could not find the hair dye that I bought previously when I dyed my hair</i>.</div>
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